Notes on Information cum Office cum Library Manager Post

Notes on Information cum Office cum Library Manager Post

Internet, Email and Social Networking

What is RSS?

RSS (Rich Site Summary)is a format for delivering regularly changing web content. Many news-related sites, weblogs and other online publishers syndicate their content as an RSS Feed to whoever wants it.

RSS solves a problem for people who regularly use the web. It allows you to easily stay informed by retrieving the latest content from the sites you are interested in. You save time by not needing to visit each site individually. You ensure your privacy, by not needing to join each site's email newsletter. The number of sites offering RSS feeds is growing rapidly and includes big names like Yahoo News.

A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks.

Web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders.

MCQ Questions:

The mail server as defined in the text uses the __________ protocol.

A) HTTP

B) FTP

C) POP

D) SMTP

Answer: C

To send email to a large group at one time, a __________ can be use

A) listserv

B) group

C) alias

D) mail server

Answer: A

Unsolicited commercial email is commonly known as __________.

A) junk

B) hoaxes

C) spam

D) hypertext

Answer: C

News servers utilize __________ to distribute documents to readers.

A) NNTP

B) NEWS

C) HTTP

D) FTP

Answer: A

To search FTP archives for a file, you should use the __________ tool.

A) gopher

B) jughead

C) archie

D) jalopy

Answer: B

__________ is often referred to as “the CB of the Internet.”

A) IRC

B) FTP

C) E-mail

D) HTTP

Answer: A

Discussion groups may have a __________ who monitors the postings and enforces the site’s rules.

A) judge

B) sysop

C) narrator

D) censor

Answer: B

A message with replies on a newsgroup is often called a __________.

A) post

B) list

C) thread

D) comment

Answer: C

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is Government of India's flagship programme for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory Education to the Children of 6-14 years age group, a Fundamental Right. The programme was pioneered by Sh. Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

SSA is being implemented in partnership with State Governments to cover the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children in 1.1 million habitations. The programme seeks to open new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school improvement grants.

Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with additional teachers, while the capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened by extensive training, grants for developing teaching-learning materials and strengthening of the academic support structure at a cluster, block and district level.

SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills. SSA has a special focus on girl's education and children with special needs. SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide.

Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan ((RMSA)- a shared scheme of the Centre and State Government to achieve Universalization of Secondary Education viz. Standards IX and X and to contain dropout after elementary education. This scheme was launched in March, 2009 with the objective to enhance access to secondary education and to improve its quality. The implementation of the scheme started from 2009-10.

It is envisaged to achieve an enrolment rate of 75% from 52.26% in 2005-06 at secondary stage within 5 years of implementation of the scheme by providing a secondary school within a reasonable distance of any habitation. The other objectives include improving quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms, removing gender, socio-economic and disability barriers, providing universal access to secondary level education by 2017, i.e., by the end of 12th Five Year Plan and achieving universal retention by 2020.

Important physical facilities provided under the scheme are:

(i) Additional class rooms, (ii) Laboratories, (iii) Libraries, (iv) Art and crafts room, (v) Toilet blocks, (vi) Drinking water provisions and (vii) Residential Hostels for Teachers in remote areas. Important quality interventions provided under the scheme are:

(i) appointment of additional teachers to reduce PTR to 30:1, (ii) focus on Science, Math and English education, (iii) In-service training of teachers, (iv) science laboratories, (v) ICT enabled education, (vi) curriculum reforms; and (vii) teaching learning reforms.

Important equity interventions provided in the scheme are:

(i) special focus in micro planning (ii) preference to Ashram schools for upgradation (iii) preference to areas with concentration of SC/ST/Minority for opening of schools (iv) special enrolment drive for the weaker section (v) more female teachers in schools; and (vi) separate toilet blocks for girls.

Implementation mechanism of the Scheme: The scheme is being implemented by the State government societies established for implementation of the scheme. The central share is released to the implementing agency directly. The applicable State share is also released to the implementing agency by the respective State Governments.

Main objectives

1. To ensure that all secondary schools have physical facilities, staffs and supplies at least according to the prescribed standards through financial support in case of Government/ Local Body and Government aided schools, and appropriate regulatory mechanism in the case of other schools

2. To improve access to secondary schooling to all young persons according to norms – through proximate location (say, Secondary Schools within 5 kms, and Higher Secondary Schools within 7-10 kms) / efficient and safe transport arrangements/residential facilities, depending on local circumstances including open schooling. However in hilly and difficult areas, these norms can be relaxed. /b>

3. To ensure that no child is deprived of secondary education of satisfactory quality due to gender, socio-economic, disability and other barriers.

4. To improve quality of secondary education resulting in enhanced intellectual, social and cultural learning.

5. To ensure that all students pursuing secondary education receive education of good quality

6. Achievement of the above objectives would also, inter-alia, signify substantial progress in the direction of the Common School System.

The Vision

The vision for secondary education is to make good quality education available, accessible and affordable to all young persons in the age group of 14-18 years. With this vision in mind, the following is to be achieved:

1. To provide a secondary school within a reasonable distance of any habitation, which should be 5 kilometer for secondary schools and 7 -10 kilometers for higher secondary schools

2. Ensure universal access of secondary education by 2017 (GER of 100%), and Universal retention by 2020.

3. Providing access to secondary education with special references to economically weaker sections of the society, the educationally backward, the girls and the disabled children residing in rural areas and other marginalized categories like SC, ST, OBC and Educationally Backward Minorities (EBM)

RTI

The Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI) is an Act of the Parliament of India "to provide for setting out the practical regime of right to information for citizens." The Act applies to all States and Union Territories of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu and Kashmir has its own act called Jammu & Kashmir Right to Information Act, 2009.

Under the provisions of the Act, any citizen may request information from a "public authority" (a body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty days. This Act was enforced on 12-10-2005. Public Information Officer (PIO) is responsible to give demanded info within 30 days. In emergency cases, within 48 hours. If your first appeal is not answered, you may appeal to information commission. The Act also requires every public authority to computerize their records for wide dissemination and to pro-actively publish certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for information formally. This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005. 

Information disclosure in India was hitherto restricted by the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the new RTI Act now relaxes.

Private bodies are not within the Act's ambit directly. In a landmark decision of 30-Nov-2006 ('Sarbajit Roy versus DERC') the Central Information Commission also reaffirmed that privatized public utility companies continue to be within the RTI Act- their privatization not withstanding.

Power to make rules: The Central Government, State Governments and the Competent Authorities as defined in S.2(e) are vested with powers to make rules to carry out the provisions of the Right to Information Act, 2005. (S.27 & S.28) Partial disclosure

The Act allows those part(s) of the record which are not exempt from disclosure and which can reasonably be severed from parts containing exempt information to be provided.

Exclusions: Central Intelligence and Security agencies specified in the Second Schedule like IB, Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation, RAW, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Central Economic Intelligence Bureau, Directorate of Enforcement, Narcotics Control Bureau, Aviation Research Centre, Special Frontier Force, BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, NSG, Assam Rifles, Special Service Bureau, Special Branch (CID), Andaman and Nicobar, The Crime Branch-CID-CB, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Special Branch, Lakshadweep Police. 

Agencies specified by the State Governments through a Notification will also be excluded. The exclusion, however, is not absolute and these organizations have an obligation to provide information pertaining to allegations of corruption and human rights violations. Further, information relating to allegations of human rights violation could be given but only with the approval of the Central or State Information Commission.

Information Exclusions: The following is exempt from disclosure-

Information, disclosure of which would affect the sovereignty and integrity of India in a prejudicial manner, the security, "strategic, scientific or economic" interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offense;

Information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court;

Information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or the State Legislature;

Information including commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property, the disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of a third party, unless the competent authority is satisfied that larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information;

Information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship, unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information;

Information received in confidence from foreign Government;

Information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law enforcement or security purposes;

Information which would impede the process of investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders;

Cabinet papers including records of deliberations of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries and other officers;

Information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual (but it is also provided that the information which cannot be denied to the Parliament or a State Legislature shall not be denied by this exemption);

Notwithstanding any of the exemptions listed above, a public authority may allow access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interests. (NB: This provision is qualified by the proviso to sub-section 11(1) of the Act which exempts disclosure of "trade or commercial secrets protected by law" under this clause when read along with 8(1)(d))

Role of the government: Section 26 of the Act enjoins the central government, as also the state governments of the Union of India (excluding J&K), to initiate necessary steps to:

Develop educational programs for the public especially disadvantaged communities on RTI.

Encourage Public Authorities to participate in the development and organization of such programs. Promote timely dissemination of accurate information to the public.

Train officers and develop training materials. Compile and disseminate a User Guide for the public in the respective official language. Publish names, designation postal addresses and contact details of PIOs and other information such as notices regarding fees to be paid, remedies available in law if request is rejected etc.

Effects

In the first year of National RTI, 42,876 (not yet official) applications for information were filed to Central (i.e. Federal) public authorities. Of these 878 were disputed at the final appellate stage - the Central Information Commissionat New Delhi. A few of these decisions have thereafter been mired in further legal controversy in the various High Courts of India. The first stay order against a final appellate decision of the Central Information Commission was granted on 3.May.2006 by the High Court of Delhi in WP(C)6833-35/2006 cited as "NDPL & Ors. versus Central Information Commission & Ors". The Government of India's purported intention in 2006 to amend the RTI Act was postponed after public disquiet, but has been revived again in 2009 by the DoPT

RTE

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), which was passed by the Indian parliament on 4 August 2009, describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21a of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.

The bill was approved by the cabinet on 2 July 2009. Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 20 July 2009 and the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2009. It received Presidential assent and was notified as law on 26 August 2009 as The Children's Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act. The law came into effect in the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first time in the history of India a law was brought into force by a speech by the Prime Minister.

The Act makes education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and specifies minimum norms in elementary schools. It requires all private schools to reserve 25% of seats to children from poor families (to be reimbursed by the state as part of the public-private partnership plan). It also prohibits all unrecognized schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admission. The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.

The RTE act requires surveys that will monitor all neighbourhoods, identify children requiring education, and set up facilities for providing it. The World Bank education specialist for India, Sam Carlson, has observed:

The RTE Act is the first legislation in the world that puts the responsibility of ensuring enrollment, attendance and completion on the Government. It is the parents' responsibility to send the children to schools in the U.S. and other countries.

The Right to Education of persons with disabilities until 18 years of age is laid down under a separate legislation- the Persons with Disabilities Act. A number of other provisions regarding improvement of school infrastructure, teacher-student ratio and faculty are made in the Act.

In order to address these quality issues, the Act has provisions for compensating private schools for admission of children under the 25% quota which has been compared to school vouchers, whereby parents may "send" their children in any school, private or public. This measure, along with the increase in PPP (Public Private Partnership) has been viewed by some organizations such as the All-India Forum for Right to Education (AIF-RTE), as the state abdicating its "constitutional obligation towards providing elementary education".

UNDERSTANDING THE INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

(source: http://www.educationindia4u.nic.in/edu.asp)

The present educational system of India is an implantation of British rulers. Wood's Dispatch of 1854 laid the foundation of present system of education in India. Today education system in India can be divided into many stages.

Pre- Primary - It consists of children of 3-5 years of age studying in nursery, lower kindergarten and upper kindergarten. At this stage student is given knowledge about school life and is taught to read and write some basic words.

Primary - It includes the age group of children of 6-11 years studying in classes from first to fifth.

Middle - It consists of children studying in classes from sixth to eighth.

Secondary - it includes students studying in classes ninth and tenth.

Higher Secondary - Includes students studying in eleventh and twelfth classes.

Undergraduate - Here, a student goes through higher education, which is completed in college. This course may vary according to the subject pursued by the student. For medical student this stage is of four and a half years plus one year of compulsory internship, while a simple graduate degree can be attained in three years.

Postgraduate - After completing graduation a student may opt for post graduation to further add to his qualifications.

India today is the second largest higher education network in the world. Universities in India are set up by the Central or State Governments by means of legislation, while colleges are established by the State Governments or private bodies / trusts. All colleges are affiliated to some university.

The different types of universities are:

Central or State Universities -- while the former are funded directly by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, the latter are set up and funded by the various state governments.

Deemed Universities -- which enjoy the same academic status and privileges as a university. Examples are the Deccan College of Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune; Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai; Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore; etc.

Institutions of National Importance -- are university-level institutions that are established or designated by Acts of Parliament and funded by the Central Government. These include the Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, etc.

Most universities are 'affiliating universities', which prescribe to the affiliated colleges the admission criteria and courses of study, hold examinations and award degrees.

University departments impart postgraduate education and conduct and promote research in a variety of disciplines. Undergraduate and, to some extent, postgraduate instruction is imparted by the colleges affiliated to a particular university.

Classification of Colleges

Colleges in India come under four different categories. This categorization is done on the basis of the kind of courses offered by them (professional/ vocational) / their ownership status (Private/Government) or their relationship with the university (affiliated/university owned).

University Colleges

These colleges are managed by the university itself and situated mostly in the university campus.

Government Colleges

The government colleges are few, only about 15-20 percent of the total. They are managed by state governments. As in case of other colleges, the university to which these colleges are affiliated, conducts their examination, lays down the courses of studies and awards the degrees.

Professional Colleges

The professional colleges are mostly in the disciplines of medicine, engineering and management. There are few for other disciplines too. They are sponsored and managed either by the government or by private initiative.

Privately Managed colleges

About 70% of the colleges are founded by the privately owned trusts or societies. But these institutes are also governed by the rules and regulations of the university they are affiliated to. Though initially started up as a private initiative, the state government also funds these colleges.

ANCIENT INDIAN WRITERS AND THEIR WRITINGS

Panini : Astadyayi

Patanjali : Mahabhashyam

Koutilyudu : Arthasastram

Megastaniese : Indica

Ashwaghosh : Budhacharitha ( Pali Language )

Bharavi : Kiratharjuneeyam

Bharathudu : Natya Sastra

Sudrakudu : Mrutchakatika

Kalidasu : Malavikagni mitra, Vikramorvaseeyam, Abhignana Sakunthalam, Meghadhutam, Kumara sambhavam, Raghuvamsham

Harshudu : Rathnavali, Priyadarsini, Naganandam

Bhavabhuthi : Uttara Ramacharitha

Bharthuhari : Neethi Sathakam, Srungara Sathakam, Vyragya sathakam

Jayadevudu : Geethagovindam

Nayachandra : Hamira MahaKavya

Banudu : Harsha Charitha

Bilhanudu : Vikramankadeva Charitha

Atula : Mushika Vansha

Kalhanudu : Rajatharingini

Dandi : Dasakumara Chaitha

Subandudu : Vasavadhatha

Banudu : Kadhambari

Kshemendra : Bruhadkadha Manjari

Somadevudu : Kadha Saristhagaram

Vishnusarma : Panchatantra

Veerasena : Navarathna

Visakhadatta: Mudrarakshasam

Banudu : SwapnaVasavadhatha

Mahendravarma : Mathavilasa Prahasanam

Nagarjunudu : Sruhullekha, Madhyamika Sutra

Dandi : Kavyadarsini

Hyuyantsang : C.U.KI

Vrahamihira : Bruhatsamhitha

Aryabatta : Aryabhattiyam, Suryasidhantham

Gunadyudu : Bruhatkhadha

Kamandakudu : Neethisaram

Bhaskara : Sidhantha Siromani

Haludu : Gadhasaptapasathi

Charakudu : Charakasamhitha

Gangadharudu : Gangadesha, Prathapa Vilasam

Some More Imp. Books

Writer/Author	Books
1. Pt. Vishnu Sharma	Panchatanra
2. Vishakhadatta	Mudra Rakshas
3. Raskhan	Prem Vatika
4. Panini	Ashtadhyayi
5. Shudrak	Mrichhakatikam
6. Kalidasa	Raghuvansham, Kumarsambhavam, Meghdootam, Abhugyanshakuntalam
7. Vigyaneshwar	Mitakshara
8. Mallanāga Vātsyāyana	Kama Sutra
9. Jeemootwahan	Daybhag
10. Kalhana	Rajtarangini
11. Plini	Natural History
12. Kautilya	Arthashastra
13. Dandi	Avanti Sundari, Dashkumaracharitam
14. Ved Vyas	Bhagwat Gita, Mahabharata
15. Ashwaghosh	Buddha Charitam
16. Jayadev	Geet Govind
17. Bana Bhatt	Kadambari
18.Bhavabhuti	Malti Madhav
19. Amar Singh	Amar Singh
20. Bhartihari	Niti-Shatak, Shringar Shatak, Vairagya Shatak
21. Firdausi	Shahnama
22. Abul Fazal	Ain-i-Akbari, Akabarnama
23. Surdas	Sahityalahri, Sursagar
24. Kabirdas	Bijak, Ramayani, Sabar
25. Gulbadan Beghum	Humanyunama
26. Al-Beruni	Kitab-ul-Hind
27. Malik Mohammed Jayasi	Padmavat
28. Mulk Raj Anand	Coolie, Confession of a lover, Two leaves and a bud
29. Nirad C. Chaudhury	Hinduism, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian, A Passage to England, Culture in the Vanity Bag,   Continent of Crime
30. Rabindra Nath Tagore	Chitrangada, Gitanjali, Gora, Chandalika, Visarjana, Hungry Stones
31. Kuldip Nayyar	The Judgment, Distant Neighbours; India, The Critical Years; In Jail, Indai after Nehru, Between the Lines
32. Sumitranandan Pant	Jyotsana, Yugwani, Chidambara
33. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh	Life Divine Essays on Gita
34. Swami Shivanand	Divine Life
35. Amrita Pritam	Death of a City , Kagaz te Canvas, Forty nine Days
36. Munsi PremChand	Godan, Gaban, Karmabhumi, Rangbhumi
37. Khushwant Singh	Indira Gandhi Returns, Indira Gandhi; Badhate Kadam, The Company of woman
38. B.M Kaul	Untold Story, Confronation with Pakistan
39. Vijay Tendulkar	Sakharam Binder
40 R.K. Narayanan	The Darkroom, Malgudi Days, Guide, My Days, Swami and Friends
41. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan	Indian Philosophy
42. Sarojini Naidu	Golden Threshold, Broken wings
43. Suryaknt Tripathi Nirala	Anamika, Parimal, Gunjan, Jusi ki kali
44. Yashpal	Jhootha Sach
45. Jai Shankar Prasad	Kamayani, Aansoo, Skandagupa, Ajatshatru
46. Kazi Nazrul Islam	Agni Veena
47.Mainthilisharm Gupt	Bharat Bharati
48. Ramdhari Singh Dinkar	Kurukshera, Urvashi
49. Mrs. Indira Ghandhi	Eternal India
50. S.H. Vatsyayan’Agyeya’	Kitni Nawon Mein Kitenee Bar, Aangan Ke paar, Dwar, Shekhar: Ek Jivani, Nadi Ke Dweep
51.Mahadevi Verma	Yama, Niharika, Neeraja
52. Amrit Lal Nagar	Amrit Aur Vish
53. Nayantara Sehgal	A Voice of Freedom
54. V.S. Naipal	Area of Darkness, A House for Mr.Biswas A Million Multinies Now, A Bend in the River
55. Devkinandan Khatri	Chandrakanta Santati
56. Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay	Devdas, Charitraheen, Shrikant, Parineeta
57. Vrindavanal  Verma	Jhansi Ki Rani
58. Jainendra Kumar	Sunita, Tyagpatra
59. Bhagwati Charan Verma	Chitralekha
60. Phanishwar Nath ‘Renu’	Maila Aanchal, Mare Gaye Gulfam
61. Gajanan Madhav ‘Muktibodh’	Chand Ka Munh Tedha Hai
62. Bhartendu Harischandra	Bharat Durdasha, Satya Harischandra